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Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last piece is now nearly all blank, however a few of the walls are still showing highly.

How deep are these slices? Unfortunately, the software application I have access to makes approximating the depth a little challenging. If, however, the top three slices represent the ploughsoil, which is most likely about 30cm think, I would think that each slice is about 10cm and we are only getting down about 80cm in overall.

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Thankfully for us, the majority of the sites we are interested in lie simply below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other approaches? Comparison of the Earth Resistance information (top left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time piece (top right) and the 1921ns time piece (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as talked about above, is a passive strategy determining local variations in magnetism versus a localised zero value. Magnetic susceptibility study is an active strategy: it is a step of how magnetic a sample of sediment could be in the existence of an electromagnetic field. Just how much soil is evaluated depends on the diameter of the test coil: it can be very small or it can be reasonably big.

The sensing unit in this case is extremely small and samples a tiny sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic susceptibility meter with a large "field coil" in usage at Verulamium throughout the course in 2013. Top soil will be magnetically enhanced compared to subsoils simply due to natural oxidation and decrease.

By determining magnetic vulnerability at a relatively coarse scale, we can spot locations of human occupation and middens. Sadly, we do not have access to a reputable mag sus meter, but Jarrod Burks (who helped teach at the course in 2013) has some outstanding examples. One of which is the Wildcat site in Ohio.

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These villages are typically laid out around a main open location or plaza, such as this reconstructed example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Village, Dayton, Ohio (photo: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat site, the magnetometer survey had found a variety of functions and houses. The magnetic susceptibility survey assisted, however, define the main location of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic susceptibility survey arises from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The strategy is therefore of great usage in specifying areas of basic occupation rather than identifying specific features.

Geophysical surveying is a used branch of geophysics, which uses seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic physical methods at the Earth's surface area to measure the physical residential or commercial properties of the subsurface - Marine Geophysical Surveys in Kingsley Aus 2022. Geophysical surveying methods generally measure these geophysical residential or commercial properties together with abnormalities in order to examine numerous subsurface conditions such as the existence of groundwater, bedrock, minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, spaces and cavities, and a lot more.